2025-01-24
List files and directories in a specified directory, provides different levels of information depending on the options used.
ls
CommandsCommand | Description |
---|---|
ls |
List files and directories in the current directory |
ls -l |
List files in long format (detailed information) |
ls -a |
List all files, including hidden files (those starting with
. ) |
ls -h |
Show file sizes in human-readable format (e.g., KB, MB) |
ls -R |
List files recursively, including subdirectories |
ls -t |
List files sorted by modification time (newest first) |
ls -S |
List files sorted by size (largest first) |
ls -r |
Reverse the order of the listing |
ls -d */ |
List only directories (with trailing / ) |
ls -1 |
List files in a single column |
ls -l
When using ls -l
, the output provides detailed
information about each file or directory:
Column | Description |
---|---|
1 | File type and permissions (e.g., -rwxr-xr-x ) |
2 | Number of hard links to the file or directory |
3 | Owner of the file or directory |
4 | Group associated with the file or directory |
5 | File size in bytes |
6 | Last modification date and time |
7 | File or directory name |
Example of ls -l
output:
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user group 1234 Jan 24 12:34 filename
-rwxr-xr-x
: File type and permissions
(regular file, owner can read/write/execute, group/others can
read/execute)1
: Number of hard links to the
fileuser
: Owner of the filegroup
: Group associated with the
file1234
: File size (in bytes)Jan 24 12:34
: Last modification date
and timefilename
: Name of the file